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#mushrooms

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Trametes gibbosa

mushroomexpert.com/Trametes_gi

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; annual; causing a white rot of the sapwood; growing alone or gregariously on logs and stumps; spring through fall; originally described from Europe (Persoon 1795); widely distributed in Eurasia; in North America distributed from the Great Plains eastward, and in the Pacific Northwest. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, and Ohio.

Cap: 4-20 cm across; 2.5-9 cm deep; 1.5-5 cm thick; semicircular or kidney-shaped; convex to planoconvex; dry; vaguely or distinctly zoned with tomentose and bald zones; whitish to grayish or brownish (sometimes green in places due to algae); lumpy; the margin often yellowish to brownish or brown when fresh.

Pore Surface: White to pale brownish; usually featuring slot-like pores (1-2 per mm) with thick pore walls, but occasionally with maze-like pores; tubes 2-15 mm deep; bruising yellow to pinkish or brownish—or not bruising.

Stem: Absent, or present as a prominent bump at the point of attachment to the substrate or, less often, as a stubby lateral structure with a surface like that of the cap.

Flesh: White; very tough and leathery; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor usually strong and fragrant when fresh, but sometimes not distinctive; taste slightly bitter, or not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH yellow to orange on flesh.

Spore Print: Whitish to faintly yellowish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-5 x 1.5-2.5 m; cylindric to long-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Cystidia not found. Setae not found. Hyphal system trimitic: generative hyphae 2.5-5 m wide, thin-walled, with clamp connections; skeletal hyphae 5-7.5 m wide, thick-walled, aseptate; binding hyphae 2.5-5 m wide, thick-walled, aseptate, branching frequently.

Macrocybe titans

mushroomexpert.com/Macrocybe_t

Ecology: Apparently saprobic; growing alone or, more often, gregariously or in loose clusters in grassy or sandy areas, or in ground disturbed by landscaping (usually in the year after the disturbance to the soil)—or, in Central America, growing from ant colonies; fall and winter; In North America distributed from Mexico to Texas, Florida, and the Carolinas; also found in Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. The illustrated and described collections are from Florida and South Carolina.

Cap: 20-30 (reportedly up to 100) cm across at maturity; convex, becoming broadly convex or flat; dry; bald, but sometimes cracking in age or in dry weather; pale yellowish to brownish or buff; fading with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem; crowded; short-gills frequent; white to pale brownish.

Stem: 15-25 cm long; 8-14 cm thick; equal or slightly swollen; dry; whitish overall, with small, bent-back, brownish to whitish scales that become more prominent with age.

Flesh: White; firm; not changing on exposure.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Reported as creamy white.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 4-5 m; broadly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Lamellar trama parallel. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 30-35 x 5-8 m; clavate. Pseudocystidia scattered on gill faces, scarcely projecting; to 50 x 7.5 m; fusiform to lageniform, with or without an extended neck; thin-walled; with refractive contents in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 2-5 m wide. Clamp connections present.

Hygrocybe glutinipes

mushroomexpert.com/Hygrocybe_g

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); appearing in woods, often on mossy ridgetops; growing scattered or gregariously; spring; North American distribution uncertain. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 5-30 mm across; convex, bell shaped, or nearly hemispheric, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell shaped, or nearly flat; slimy; bald; bright orange to bright reddish orange, fading to paler orange; the margin sometimes faintly lined.

Gills: Narrowly to broadly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; orange or pale pastel orange; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 20-40 mm long; 2-6 mm thick; equal; slimy; bald; colored like the cap, or paler.

Flesh: Colored like the cap, or paler; thin.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap erasing orange pigment.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 3.5-5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; hyaline and uniguttulate in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia to 45 long; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia absent. Gill tissue parallel. Pileipellis an ixotrichoderm of elements 2-4 wide.

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Hapalopilus croceus

mushroomexpert.com/Hapalopilus

Ecology: Saprobic and parasitic on the wood of oaks; growing alone or in small groups; causing a white rot of the heartwood; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Great Plains. The illustrated and described collection is from Ohio.

Cap: 4-10 cm across; 3-5 cm deep; semicircular to kidney-shaped; convex; moist; finely fuzzy; golden orange.

Pore Surface: Bright golden orange; not bruising; with 2-3 angular pores per mm; tubes to 2-4 mm deep.

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Thick; zoned with zones of golden orange, pastel orange, and brownish; fairly soft.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly dark purple on all parts.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-8 x 4-5 m; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae 2-4 m wide, smooth or encrusted, hyaline or brownish orange, thin-walled, septate, clamped at septa, often agglutinated with brownish to orangish encrusting material.

Sarcoscypha austriaca

mushroomexpert.com/Sarcoscypha

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood sticks and logs (but sometimes the wood is buried and the mushrooms appear terrestrial); spring; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

Fruiting Body: Cup-shaped to disc-shaped or irregular; 2 to 7 cm across; upper surface bright red, fading with age, bald, often becoming wrinkled with maturity (especially near the center); undersurface whitish to pinkish or orangish, downy; stem absent or rudimentary, colored like and continuous with the sterile surface; flesh thin, whitish; odor not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH and iron salts negative on all surfaces.

Microscopic Features: Spores 25-37 x 9.5-15 ; ellipsoid to nearly football-shaped, with rounded or, not infrequently, flattened ends; typically with many small (< 3 ) oil droplets; when fresh and viewed in a water mount sometimes appearing partially sheathed at the ends (with "polar caps"). Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses filiform; with orangish red contents. Excipular surface with abundant hairs that are elaborately curved, twisted, and intertwined.

Omphalotus olearius

mushroomexpert.com/Omphalotus_

Ecology: Saprobic; growing in large clusters on the stumps or buried roots of hardwoods, especially olive trees; late summer and fall; originally described from France (de Candolle, 1815); distribnuted in central and southern Europe. The illustrated and described collection is from Italy.

Cap: 4-12 cm; at first broadly convex, but soon becoming shallowly to moderately depressed; not usually featuring a central bump; bald; dry or slightly greasy; bright brownish orange to yellowish orange&mdash;or in some collections reddish orange or nearly brown; the margin slightly inrolled when young.

Gills: Running down the stem; close; orange; with many short-gills; luminescent when fresh.

Stem: 3.5-9 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; tapering to base; solid; bald; pale orange to orange.

Flesh: Pale orange; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Spore Print Whitish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 4-6 m; sublacrymoid to subglobose; smooth; hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis of clamped, cylindric elements 5-10 m wide; green in KOH. Refractive elements not found in the pileipellis and subpellis.

REFERENCES: (de Candolle, 1815) Singer, 1948. (Fries, 1821; Phillips, 1981; Moser, 1983; Nonis, 2001; Kirchmair & P&#246;der, 2002; Kirchmair et al., 2002; Kirchmair et al., 2004; Gminder & B&ouml;hning, 2017.) Herb. Kuo 10161402.