This is a great diagram. It says "growth in length of Mammoth Cave", but that really means the growth of the *surveyed region* of the cave. The diameter of each branch shows the total surveyed passage length at that point in time.
Branches merge where a connection was made, thus merging two (surveyed) cave systems into one. The orange-blue merge is the famous expedition of 1972.
From the Cave Research Foundation newsletter, Feb 2023.