DATE: April 01, 2025 at 06:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: A demanding work culture could be quietly undermining efforts to raise birth rates

URL: https://www.psypost.org/a-demanding-work-culture-could-be-quietly-undermining-efforts-to-raise-birth-rates/

China’s falling birth rate has become a major national concern, and a new study published in Biodemography and Social Biology suggests that the country’s demanding work culture may be partly to blame. The research shows that working more than 40 hours a week significantly reduces people’s desire to have children. Overtime, night shifts, and being constantly on call make it harder for people to imagine balancing work and family life — a finding that has important implications for future population policies.

China’s fertility rate has continued to fall even as the government has introduced a series of policies aimed at encouraging childbirth. After decades of strict population control, including the well-known one-child policy, China has now moved to allow two, and even three children per family.

However, these efforts have had limited success. The birth rate remains low, and the country is now facing the social and economic challenges of an aging population, including a shrinking workforce and increased pressure on social support systems. While financial constraints and housing costs are often cited as obstacles to starting a family, the study’s authors argue that time scarcity — particularly due to long working hours — may be just as important.

To investigate this issue, researchers at Nankai University and Henan University of Technology used data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a large-scale survey of over 20,000 people from across the country. The CFPS collects detailed information on demographics, employment, income, health, and family life. In this study, the researchers focused on respondents’ reported weekly working hours and their responses to a question about whether they intended to have a child within the next two years. People working more than 40 hours per week were classified as doing overtime, based on standards from both international labor guidelines and Chinese labor laws.

The team then analyzed how overtime affected fertility intentions, taking into account a wide range of other factors including age, sex, ethnicity, income, marital status, and region. They used both provincial and city-level data to examine regional variations, and also explored how different kinds of overtime work — such as weekend shifts, night shifts, and on-call duties — might affect people’s willingness to start or expand their families.

The results were clear: overtime work had a strong and statistically significant negative effect on fertility intentions. This pattern held across nearly every province and city analyzed. The more hours people worked beyond the standard 40-hour week, the less likely they were to say they planned to have children in the near future. This trend was especially pronounced for people working 40–50 hours per week, where fertility intentions dropped the most sharply. Those working more than 60 hours a week showed more varied responses, but the overall effect was still negative.

When the researchers broke down working hours into smaller segments, they found that moderate work schedules — especially those between 0 and 20 hours per week — were actually associated with higher fertility intentions. Between 20 and 40 hours, the effect was mixed: some people were more willing to have children as hours increased, while others were not. But once work passed the 40-hour threshold, the negative effects on fertility became much stronger.

The type of overtime also mattered. People who regularly worked on weekends, at night, or were expected to be reachable 24/7 were significantly less likely to plan for children. These types of schedules interfere not just with physical rest, but also with family and social life. Weekend work and night shifts disrupt routines, reduce time with partners, and can create chronic fatigue. Being constantly on-call added another layer of stress, keeping people mentally tethered to their jobs even during off hours. The authors suggest that this erosion of personal time leaves little room for planning or raising a family.

There were also differences based on gender and marital status. Women showed a stronger negative response to overtime than men, suggesting that long hours may be especially burdensome for women who still shoulder more of the childcare and household responsibilities. Unmarried individuals were also more affected than those who were already married, possibly because they are still in the phase of life where fertility decisions are more flexible.

To explore whether certain workplace conditions could ease the conflict between work and family goals, the researchers examined a few potential moderating factors. Flexible working arrangements — where employees could choose their start and end times — had a positive effect on fertility intentions. When people had more control over their schedules, they were more likely to consider having children.

Similarly, satisfaction with career advancement opportunities and wages was linked to stronger fertility intentions. Transparent promotion paths and fair pay may help employees feel that their career won’t be derailed by having children. Another important factor was maternity insurance, which was also associated with greater willingness to have children. These workplace benefits can reduce the financial and psychological burden of childbearing.

But there are limitations to consider. The study is based on cross-sectional data from a single year, so it cannot track changes in fertility intentions over time or definitively prove cause and effect. Fertility intentions do not always translate into actual births, and personal circumstances — such as relationships or health — may also influence family planning decisions. Additionally, although the CFPS is a large and representative survey, it may not capture all forms of informal or unreported work, which is still common in some parts of China.

The study, “Reasons for the continued decline in fertility intentions: explanations from overtime work,” was authored by Jiawei Zhao, Yuxuan Li, and Wenqi Li.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/a-demanding-work-culture-could-be-quietly-undermining-efforts-to-raise-birth-rates/

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DATE: March 31, 2025 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Home-based smell test shows promise in detecting early cognitive decline, study finds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/home-based-smell-test-shows-promise-in-detecting-early-cognitive-decline-study-finds/

A new study published in Scientific Reports suggests that a simple, self-administered smell test taken at home could help identify older adults who may be at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers found that older individuals with mild cognitive impairment performed significantly worse on tests of smell identification and discrimination than their cognitively healthy peers. These differences were detectable using a new digital tool called the AROMHA Brain Health Test, which participants completed remotely using scratch-and-sniff cards and a web-based app.

The researchers behind the study wanted to explore whether subtle changes in a person’s sense of smell might offer a window into early brain changes that occur before memory problems become apparent. They designed the test to be cost-effective, easy to use at home, and available in both English and Spanish. By comparing results from healthy adults, individuals with subjective memory complaints, and people with diagnosed mild cognitive impairment, the team found that smell test scores declined not only with age but also with increasing levels of cognitive difficulty.

Mild cognitive impairment is a clinical stage between normal aging and more serious decline such as dementia. People with this condition often notice changes in memory or thinking but can still function independently in daily life. However, they are more likely to go on to develop Alzheimer’s disease than those without such symptoms. The researchers were interested in identifying noninvasive ways to detect early changes in the brain, particularly those that occur before symptoms become severe. Since certain brain areas related to smell are affected early in Alzheimer’s disease, the team focused on olfaction—our sense of smell—as a potential early indicator of cognitive decline.

To investigate this, the researchers developed the AROMHA Brain Health Test, a bilingual (English and Spanish) home-based test that evaluates different aspects of smell, including odor identification, memory, discrimination, and intensity. Participants used peel-and-sniff cards mailed to their homes and completed the test online using a web application. The platform guided users through a series of steps, asking them to smell each odor, select the correct name from four options, rate its intensity, and indicate their confidence in each answer. Additional tasks required them to recall previously presented odors and to decide whether pairs of smells were the same or different.

The study included 127 cognitively normal participants, 34 with subjective cognitive complaints, and 19 with mild cognitive impairment. Participants were recruited from 21 states and Puerto Rico through research registries and online postings. Some participants were classified based on formal cognitive testing from the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, while others were categorized based on self-reported memory concerns or a physician’s diagnosis. All participants gave informed consent and completed the test either under observation (via video call or in-person) or independently.

The researchers examined how participants performed on the different components of the smell test. They found that scores on odor identification, odor discrimination, and odor memory declined with age. Importantly, individuals with mild cognitive impairment scored significantly lower on odor identification and discrimination compared to those who were cognitively normal, even after accounting for age, sex, and education. These results suggest that the smell test can detect subtle cognitive differences associated with early stages of decline.

Interestingly, the test was equally effective whether participants were observed or completed it on their own. This supports the idea that the tool can be used reliably in a home setting without the need for supervision. The researchers also compared results between English- and Spanish-speaking participants and found no meaningful differences in performance, highlighting the test’s potential for use in diverse populations.

To validate the test’s ability to detect genuine smell impairments, the researchers included a small group of individuals diagnosed with anosmia, or complete loss of smell. As expected, this group performed at chance level across all measures, confirming that the test could distinguish between normal and impaired olfactory function.

Among the older participants, the researchers divided the group into three categories: cognitively normal, those with subjective memory concerns, and those with mild cognitive impairment. They found that those with mild impairment performed significantly worse than both of the other groups on several measures, particularly odor identification and discrimination. These differences were not explained by age alone, suggesting that cognitive impairment itself was responsible for the lower scores.

One feature of the test that the researchers highlighted was the inclusion of a confidence rating after each identification task. This allowed them to measure not only whether participants chose the correct answer, but also whether they were guessing. The results showed that when participants were more confident in their answers, they were more likely to be correct—but this pattern was weaker in those with cognitive impairment. This finding supports previous research suggesting that people with early cognitive decline may overestimate their abilities or be less aware of their errors.

While the results are promising, the study had some limitations. Not all participants underwent full neuropsychological assessments, which means that some classifications were based on self-report rather than clinical testing. The study was also cross-sectional, meaning it looked at participants at a single point in time. Future studies will need to follow participants over months or years to determine whether low scores on the smell test predict future memory decline or the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

Despite these limitations, the researchers see strong potential for the AROMHA Brain Health Test as a scalable, noninvasive screening tool. It could help identify individuals who may benefit from further testing or who might be eligible for clinical trials targeting early-stage Alzheimer’s. Because the test can be administered at home and in multiple languages, it may help reach populations that are often underrepresented in research.

“Early detection of cognitive impairment could help us identify people who are at risk of Alzheimer’s disease and intervene years before memory symptoms begin,” said study author Mark Albers, a neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and assistant professor at Harvard Medical School. Albers was involved in founding the company that developed the Aromha Brain Health Test

The researchers plan to continue studying the test in larger and more diverse groups. They are also interested in exploring how the results relate to brain imaging or blood-based biomarkers of disease. If validated in future studies, this type of smell test could become a valuable tool for early detection and monitoring of brain health in aging adults.

The study, “Early detection of cognitive impairment could help us identify people who are at risk of Alzheimer’s disease and intervene years before memory symptoms begin,” was authored by Benoît Jobin, Colin Magdamo, Daniela Delphus, Andreas Runde, Sean Reineke, Alysa Alejandro Soto, Beyzanur Ergun, Sasha Mukhija, Alefiya Dhilla Albers, and Mark W. Albers.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/home-based-smell-test-shows-promise-in-detecting-early-cognitive-decline-study-finds/

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DATE: March 26, 2025 at 02:18PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Teens in poverty use social media more—but don’t suffer more because of it, study suggests

URL: https://www.psypost.org/teens-in-poverty-use-social-media-more-but-dont-suffer-more-because-of-it-study-suggests/

New research published in Computers in Human Behavior sheds light on how material deprivation influences teenagers’ access to and use of social media, and whether it changes the impact of social media on their emotional well-being. The study found that while teens from deprived households reported lower overall life satisfaction and spent slightly more time on social media, deprivation did not appear to worsen the link between social media use and life satisfaction. In other words, teens experiencing poverty did not seem to suffer more from time spent online compared to their more affluent peers.

The research was motivated by a growing concern over how social media affects adolescents’ well-being. Most studies in this area have treated teenagers as a single, uniform group, overlooking how individual differences—such as socioeconomic background—might shape these effects. Since social media is increasingly embedded in daily life, and teenagers are spending more time on platforms than ever before, it’s important to ask whether some young people are more vulnerable to its harms or more likely to benefit from its potential support. The authors of the study proposed that material deprivation, a measure of whether families can afford basic necessities, could be a key factor influencing how social media relates to adolescent life satisfaction.

“The discussion on the relationship between social media and adolescent wellbeing often overlooks the experiences of adolescents from deprived households. I wanted to address this gap by leveraging existing data to contribute empirical evidence to the debate,” said study author Sebastian Kurten, an assistant professor at Utrecht University.

The researchers analyzed ten years of data collected between 2009 and 2019 from the “Understanding Society” study, which tracks tens of thousands of households across the United Kingdom. This specific analysis included 23,155 adolescents aged 10 to 21, generating nearly 80,000 measurement points. These participants responded to surveys about their social media access and use, while their parents answered questions about the family’s financial situation.

The researchers used established indexes to determine whether families experienced material deprivation. For younger adolescents, this included things like not being able to afford school trips or warm winter coats. For older teens, it included items such as the inability to pay household bills or afford basic furniture.

The team used statistical modeling to sort participants into different deprivation categories and then looked at how these related to social media access, time spent on social media, and self-reported life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was measured annually through age-appropriate survey questions. For social media, they asked whether the adolescent had access to social media platforms and how many hours they typically spent using them on a school day.

The results showed that teens from deprived households were less likely to have access to social media, especially at younger ages. For example, by age 11, 76% of non-deprived adolescents had a social media account, compared to 69% of deprived teens. But by age 18, this gap disappeared—nearly all adolescents, regardless of background, had joined social media. Interestingly, among those with access, teens from deprived households reported spending slightly more time on social media than their wealthier peers.

Across the entire group, spending more time on social media was associated with slightly lower life satisfaction. However, this connection was modest and consistent regardless of socioeconomic background. Deprivation was strongly linked to lower life satisfaction overall, but it did not appear to make the effect of social media use any worse. Even when the researchers used sophisticated longitudinal modeling to track changes within individuals over time, they found no evidence that deprivation influenced how social media use affected life satisfaction in the long term.

The study also tested whether having access to social media—rather than the amount of time spent—was related to emotional well-being. Again, results were mixed. In one analysis, teens from deprived households who had social media access were slightly more likely to report lower life satisfaction, but this finding was weak and not consistent across all models. And in the long-term analysis, there was no sign that deprivation shaped how social media access influenced well-being.

“Poverty poses a significant threat to the wellbeing and development of adolescents,” Kurten told PsyPost. “While there is intense debate about the impact of social media on adolescent mental health, structural issues such as poverty and material deprivation are often overlooked. These factors create lasting disadvantages for adolescents and deserve more attention in public discourse.”

While the research provides some reassurance that social media does not appear to be especially harmful for adolescents growing up in poverty, the authors caution against drawing overly broad conclusions. One limitation is that the study relied on self-reported data about social media use, which may be prone to error. Teenagers may overestimate or underestimate how much time they spend online, and the survey did not distinguish between different types of social media activity.

“We used representative panel data from the UK collected several years ago, but at the time, social media use was assessed with a simple 1-to-5 scale rather than more nuanced measures,” Kurten noted. “Fortunately, research has since advanced, and newer studies use more sophisticated assessments. However, the general trends observed in our data align with findings from studies that employ these improved measures.”

Despite these limitations, the researchers argue that their findings challenge some common assumptions. While it’s often suggested that social media use might be especially harmful for deprived youth, this study did not support that idea. Instead, the authors suggest that material deprivation itself is a more consistent predictor of lower well-being than social media use. This points to the need for policies that address poverty directly, rather than focusing narrowly on social media as a cause of distress.

“My long-term goal is to provide more comprehensive evidence on how structural adversities, such as material deprivation, affect adolescent wellbeing,” Kurten said. “I want to make sure that their perspectives also get heard in the public debate.”

“I would be glad to see the public debate shift from focusing solely on what social media does to children to addressing the far greater impact of poverty. My research highlights that material deprivation is a structural issue with serious consequences for adolescent wellbeing. We need to intensify our efforts to lift children out of poverty and ensure they have the resources to thrive.”

The study, “Deprivation’s role in adolescent social media use and its links to life satisfaction,” was authored by Sebastian Kurten, Sakshi Ghai, Candice Odgers, Rogier A. Kievit, and Amy Orben.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/teens-in-poverty-use-social-media-more-but-dont-suffer-more-because-of-it-study-suggests/

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DATE: March 23, 2025 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Study finds microdosing LSD is not effective in reducing ADHD symptoms

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-microdosing-lsd-is-not-effective-in-reducing-adhd-symptoms/

A new clinical trial has found that taking low doses of LSD twice a week does not reduce symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults more than a placebo. While both the LSD and placebo groups showed improvements over six weeks, there was no meaningful difference between the two. These results challenge popular claims about the benefits of microdosing psychedelics and emphasize the importance of placebo-controlled studies when evaluating treatments that are often promoted through anecdotal evidence. The research was published in JAMA Psychiatry.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, more commonly known as ADHD, affects nearly three percent of adults worldwide. The condition involves persistent difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, often leading to significant struggles in work, relationships, and daily functioning. Standard treatments typically include stimulant medications like amphetamines or methylphenidate, which can be effective but don’t work for everyone. About one in three patients don’t get enough relief, and many stop taking the medications due to side effects or concerns about long-term use.

In recent years, the idea of microdosing psychedelics—taking very small amounts of substances like LSD or psilocybin—has gained popularity. Some users claim that microdosing improves focus, emotional balance, and creativity, and many report using it to self-treat conditions such as depression, anxiety, and ADHD. Microdoses are usually about one-tenth of a recreational dose, small enough that they don’t cause noticeable changes in perception. But despite the enthusiasm online and in the media, there has been little clinical research testing whether microdosing actually works as a treatment.

To test these claims, researchers from University Hospital Basel in Switzerland and Maastricht University in the Netherlands conducted a six-week, placebo-controlled trial. They recruited 53 adults diagnosed with moderate to severe ADHD and randomly assigned them to receive either a low dose of LSD or a placebo. The study was double-blind, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers knew who was receiving which treatment.

“We were contracted by the company Mindmed to perform this work which was within our line of work on psychedelics,” explained study author Matthias Liechti, the head of the Clinical Pharmacology Division of the University Hospital Basel.

Participants were given their assigned substance twice a week under supervision. The dose of LSD—20 micrograms—is considered to be at the higher end of the microdosing range and was chosen to increase the chance of detecting any therapeutic benefit. Throughout the study, participants completed various assessments measuring ADHD symptoms, including both self-reported and observer-rated scales. Researchers also collected information about side effects, vital signs, and subjective drug experiences.

By the end of the six weeks, both the LSD and placebo groups had shown significant reductions in ADHD symptoms. On the primary measure, symptoms improved by an average of 7.1 points in the LSD group and 8.9 points in the placebo group. This difference was not statistically meaningful. Across all other symptom ratings and time points, the two groups continued to show nearly identical improvements.

Participants in both groups also experienced similar benefits when they believed they were receiving the active drug. Interestingly, after the final dose, 80% of participants—whether they had taken LSD or placebo—guessed they had received LSD. Those who believed they had taken LSD tended to report greater symptom improvement, regardless of what they had actually received. This suggests that expectations may have played a large role in how participants experienced the treatment.

“In a well-designed study, low dose LSD (microdosing) is not more effective than placebo in patients with ADHD,” Liechti told PsyPost. “We observed marked therapeutic improvements in many patients and were surprised to see at the end of the study that they were equally frequent in the placebo group. Both LSD and placebo are effective over time but placebo and expectancy effects are the reason for this, not the LSD effect. This highlights the need for a well-blinded placebo control group.”

As expected, participants who took LSD did experience more noticeable short-term drug effects, such as changes in perception and feelings of altered consciousness. These effects were mild but significantly stronger than those reported by the placebo group. Still, the LSD dose used in the study was well tolerated overall. The most common side effects were headache, nausea, fatigue, insomnia, and mild visual changes. Two participants dropped out of the LSD group due to uncomfortable effects. There were no serious medical events or psychiatric complications.

Although the study did not find LSD to be effective for treating ADHD, it does offer some important insights. First, it shows that low doses of LSD can produce measurable but tolerable psychological effects in a clinical setting. It also demonstrates that strong placebo responses are possible in psychedelic studies, even when the dose is too low to cause intense hallucinations. This supports concerns that anecdotal reports of success with microdosing may be driven more by belief than biology.

The researchers also noted that the study was one of the few in psychedelic research to achieve successful blinding. In most psychedelic trials, the noticeable effects of high doses make it easy for participants to guess whether they’re receiving the active substance. In this case, the use of a low dose meant that even placebo recipients often believed they had received LSD, reducing the influence of expectation bias to some extent.

Although some past studies have suggested that higher doses of LSD may help with anxiety or depression, this trial does not provide evidence that low doses help with ADHD. Further research is needed to explore other psychedelics and different dosing schedules.

“The study used a relatively high dose of 20 micrograms, but a lower dose of 10 micrograms—or a dosing schedule of every day or every other day—might produce different results,” Liechti said. “It is not likely though. High-doses of LSD have consistently been shown to be effective in anxiety and depressive disorders. Thus, such high doses may also be effective in the treatment of mood in ADHD patients.”

The study, “Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” was authored by Lorenz Mueller, Joyce Santos de Jesus, Yasmin Schmid, Felix Müller, Anna Becker, Aaron Klaiber, Isabelle Straumann, Dino Luethi, Eline C. H. M. Haijen, Petra P. M. Hurks, Kim P. C. Kuypers, and Matthias E. Liechti.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-microdosing-lsd-is-not-effective-in-reducing-adhd-symptoms/

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